Ghost in the Shell (1995)
Ghost in the Shell (1995) 1. Cybernetics and Cyborgs “Cybernetics” is an interesting word that is mostly associated with SF, but actually was borrowed by the literature from Real Science, where it means much different, and more, things than the genre is generally open to. In 1948, in the USA, eminent Mathematician Norbert Wiener coined it to create a language for an emerging transdisciplinary field that explored regulatory systems, especially artificial ones, and defined it as, "the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine." This was absolute cutting-edge stuff and grew out of, in part, the creation of the first Pressure Suit (the basis of the Space Suit) in 1931 in the Soviet Russia. During WWII, research into this new technology intensified as the first manned, high-altitude, jet airplanes started being developed, requiring a new way of thinking about how human beings interacted/interfaced with machi...